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3 US economists win 2022 Nobel Prize in Economics_我的网站

A |       当前，一场围绕“词元经济”的地方竞速悄然拉开帷幕。

B |     Stockholm, Oct 10 (UNI) The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced Monday that three US-based economists won the 2022 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences “for research on banks and financial crises”.

The winners are Ben Bernanke, former head of the US Federal Reserve and currently with the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, Douglas Diamond of the University of Chicago and Philip Dybvig of Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. The winners share a prize of about $900,000.

The nobelprize.org put out a release saying:

"Their discoveries improved how society deals with financial crises

"This year’s laureates in the Economic Sciences, Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig, have significantly improved our understanding of the role of banks in the economy, particularly during financial crises. An important finding in their research is why avoiding bank collapses is vital.

"Modern banking research clarifies why we have banks, how to make them less vulnerable in crises and how bank collapses exacerbate financial crises. The foundations of this research were laid by Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig in the early 1980s. Their analyses have been of great practical importance in regulating financial markets and dealing with financial crises.

"For the economy to function, savings must be channelled to investments. However, there is a conflict here: savers want instant access to their money in case of unexpected outlays, while businesses and homeowners need to know they will not be forced to repay their loans prematurely. In their theory, Diamond and Dybvig show how banks offer an optimal solution to this problem. By acting as intermediaries that accept deposits from many savers, banks can allow depositors to access their money when they wish, while also offering long-term loans to borrowers.

"However, their analysis also showed how the combination of these two activities makes banks vulnerable to rumours about their imminent collapse. If a large number of savers simultaneously run to the bank to withdraw their money, the rumour may become a self-fulfilling prophecy – a bank run occurs and the bank collapses. These dangerous dynamics can be prevented through the government providing deposit insurance and acting as a lender of last resort to banks.

"Diamond demonstrated how banks perform another societally important function. As intermediaries between many savers and borrowers, banks are better suited to assessing borrowers’ creditworthiness and ensuring that loans are used for good investments.

"Ben Bernanke analysed the Great Depression of the 1930s, the worst economic crisis in modern history. Among other things, he showed how bank runs were a decisive factor in the crisis becoming so deep and prolonged. When the banks collapsed, valuable information about borrowers was lost and could not be recreated quickly. Society’s ability to channel savings to productive investments was thus severely diminished.

"The laureates’ insights have improved our ability to avoid both serious crises and expensive bailouts,” says Tore Ellingsen, Chair of the Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences.

The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was not included in Alfred Nobel's will, voanews.com reported.

It was established by the Swedish central bank in 1968 — and is officially the "Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in memory of Alfred Nobel" to mark the bank’s 300th anniversary. It was first awarded in 1969 and has been funded by the bank since then.

UNI ING。据记者不完全统计，近期，广东、北京、四川、海南、江苏、湖北、贵州等地纷纷布局词元经济，有的出台政策做好产业指引，有的创新Token（词元）券等政策工具，不少地方还因地制宜探索适合本土的词元经济发展路径。  近期，广东发布《广东省释放数据要素价值 促进词元经济高质量发展若干措施》，提出到2027年底，数据赋能词元经济发展工作体系初步构建，全省一盘棋统筹、差异化布局、一体化协同的词元经济发展格局基本形成。此外，北京、四川、海南等地在出台的相关政策文件中，对推动词元经济发展作出了明确布局。  在各地的工具箱中，以“真金白银”的Token券给予补贴是重要抓手。例如，四川择优给予企业词元实际使用额最高20%、最高100万元的补贴支持；江苏扬州单个申报主体年度最高支持额度可达50万元；武汉江岸区计划每年发放1000万元Token券，支持企业调用头部大模型。据介绍，Token券主要面向AI市场主体，用于补贴模型、智能体的开发、部署和应用等活动。  对此，南京邮电大学教授、浙江大学双聘教授王春晖表示，Token券可降低中小企业尝试人工智能的沉没成本，帮助企业找到自身的效率提升点。但他同时提醒，地方在发放该补贴时，应引导企业优化业务流程，防止出现词元滥用和浪费现象。  此外，记者注意到，立足自身资源禀赋，各地政策的着力点各有侧重。  北京亦庄侧重打造“词元工厂”、发力全产业链建设。作为北京首座词元工厂北京壹号词元工厂的所在地，北京亦庄统筹能源、芯片、数据集和大数据，推动项目一期日产能突破1.4万亿词元。依托北京较为密集的AI创新生态和丰富的AI应用场景，北京亦庄计划到2030年，“高标准建成4个万卡级词元工厂”“畅通词元产业全链条要素循环”。  与北京拼生态不同，贵阳贵安重点布局智算能力。

C | 作为“东数西算”国家枢纽节点承载地，贵阳贵安智算能力位居全国前列；同时，由于气候优势，贵州绿电资源丰富，算力综合成本低。贵阳贵安有关词元经济的征求意见稿提出，要“强化智算服务能力”，计划于2028年，智算规模突破240EFLOPS。  广东则依托沿海优势，瞄准了跨境赛道。当前，省内多地正加快布局“词元经济”：汕头已于今年4月打通词元出海全链路；韶关也在今年1月获批国家“来数加工”试点，并依托自身作为广东“北大门”的区位优势，积极探索发展“港数韶算”“澳数韶算”模式。依托本地优势，广东词元经济专项政策明确，到2027年底，广东将成为全国词元供给高地、智能应用标杆和词元出海枢纽。  在各地积极布局的同时，词元经济也在重构产业链的价值分配逻辑。王春晖分析称，上游算力竞争已从拼规模转向拼能效；中游服务层的价值重心则由词元分发转向效率优化，提示词工程、业务流程重构、垂直模型微调等词元工程化服务，正成为争夺产业链定价权的关键。  专家表示，在各地竞相布局词元经济的背景下，未来的竞争格局将呈现显著的分化与协同。

D | 掌握底层核心技术和高质量数据的地区有望占据产业链顶端，而拥有丰富应用场景的地区将成为词元价值转化的主阵地。不过，评判词元经济的实际价值，不能简单看词元调用规模，而要重点关注词元消耗是否带来了显著的效能跃升。  中央财经大学数字经济融合创新发展中心主任陈端指出，目前词元标准与计量体系尚不统一。词元从生产到应用涉及分词、计量、调用、计价多个环节，跨省、跨平台的互认互通仍是难题。  王春晖表示，现行体系将词元消耗单纯记为费用，难以直观体现技术带来的效率提升，进而影响对词元经济真实贡献的准确评估。

E | 因此，亟须在微观层面建立“词元投入-业务产出”的核算体系，探索将技术带来的效率提升纳入企业资产核算。建设高效的词元经济，重点是推动产业从“要素投入驱动”转向“效率提升驱动”。（记者 郭倩 实习记者 赵月）。

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